The approximate 700 residents that evacuated were allowed to return to their homes when the eruption was confirmed in the flank of the volcano and not under the glacier. or more economically developed countries. Immediate responses Long term responses Manila airport closed 200000 people relocated Red Cross, Action Aid and Oxfam provided food and blankets . Learn. . Because of this, optimistic residents may be less inclined to respond to a future event. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. The farm is on a hill and in my opinion there was no risk of flooding (A-E). Google Scholar, Mileti DS, Sorensen JH (1990) Communication of emergency public warnings: a social science perspective and state-of-the-art assessment. This district is now about 31,000km2. We have a similar amount of policemen as we had in 2004 (O). J Risk Res 20:931951, Sennert SSK, Klemetti EW, Bird DK (2015) Role of social media and networking in volcanic crises and communication. Migration into the South region (Statistics Iceland, 2017b). The plume from the volcano has spread across the North Sea and dropped untold megatons of microscopic . That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). The municipalities encompassing the South region include Sveitarflagi Hornafjrur, Vestmannaeyjar, Sveitarflagi rborg, Mrdalshreppur, Skaftrhreppur, sahreppur, Rangring eystra, Rangring ytra, Hrunamannahreppur, Hverageri, Sveitarflagi lfus, Grmsnes- og Grafningshreppur, Skeia- og Gnpverjahreppur, Blskgabygg and Flahreppur. Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. A little over half the respondents indicated they evacuated during the flank (56% A-E; 56% V-E) and summit (54% A-E; 47% V-E) eruptions. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. Participants Adult residents in areas close to the Eyjafjallajkull volcano (N=1096), divided according to exposure levels, and a non-exposed sample (n=475), with 80% participation rate in 2013. The eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano in Iceland on 20 March 2010 affected the economic, political and cultural activities in Europe and across the world. To reopen airspace, European aviation authorities endorsed the creation of a new type of concentration chart advisory product that delineated hazard zones based on dispersion model output of ash concentrations. Both Almannavarnir [DCPEM] and Bjrgunarsveitir [rescue teams], the Red Cross and the municipalities in the area were well organised. They are just visiting the country; they think its a plus if they can find some volcanoes and maybe have their picture of it. Springer, New York, MATH In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Centre for Economic Policy Research, London, Dash N, Gladwin H (2007) Evacuation decision making and behavioral responses: individual and household. Using the Citizen Science methodology, Earthwatch's mission statement is "to engage people worldwide in . The Restless Earth Case Studies. To be effective, warnings need to be clear, precise and consistent as people will focus on minor points of inconsistency to support their decision to reject proposed actions (Drabek, 1999). There is no doubt that as the worlds population continues to grow and expand in hazardous environments, so too does our vulnerability to disaster. Some 60 volunteers and staff of the Icelandic Red Cross have been working around the clock since the second eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano on 14 April. Its more like Hekla erupting. They are so enthusiastic. This evacuation was warranted as the summit eruption, located under the glacier, produced medium-sized jkulhlaups to the north and small jkulhlaups to the south. We drove down to the highway and we could see a little reddish glow and of course we were excited, almost having fun because we were not afraid at all. People talked about the possibility of Eyjafjallajkull [erupting], and we were light-hearted about it you know, saying wow, it can erupt. Survey data are not available for distribution as per anonymity protocols of the Human Research Ethics agreement. The 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajkull volcano had a huge impact on air travel, changing the assessment of risk by the aviation sector and catalyzing new lines of scientific investigation. A volcanic eruption in Iceland is continuing to ground flights in the UK and Europe, but 227 years ago a far more devastating eruption occurred wiping out a fifth of the island's population - as well as tens of thousands across Europe. Aust J Emerg Manag 29:5055, Bird D, Ling M, Haynes K (2012) Flooding Facebookthe use of social media during the Queensland and Victorian floods. 27% of respondents reported receiving news of the summit eruption from DCPEM/police. In this instance, emergency managers need to be aware of normalisation bias, where individuals believe they are able to cope with a future (larger) event, based on a past experience of coping with a previous (smaller) event (Paton et al., 2001). Sage, Thousand Oaks, Lindell MK, Perry RW (2012) The protective action decision model: theoretical modifications and additional evidence. Overall, residents believed they coped rather well with the eruptions (Table 3). An additional 13 respondents indicated they had tourism as their main occupation. The eruption was relatively small but its impact was massive. Lava or Volcanic Bombs . Tourism became a large contributor to the economy after the 2010 eruption of the Eyjafjallajkull volcano. That is, based on media reports, residents deem others suffered far greater impacts than themselves and therefore consider them more vulnerable. Accessed 15 Oct 2018, Danielsson J (2009) The first casualty of the crisis: Iceland. That would worry us. There is a glacier above the volcano. Find out why Most respondents were aged 50+ years and were farmers (Table 1). Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. Despite this, some appreciated the eruption for its sheer beauty and force. Authorities now have the ability to push emergency notifications out to all mobile phones within a designated area of telecommunication towers (pers. Exactly ten years ago, on the 15th of April 2010, the volcanic eruption of Eyjafjallajkull in Iceland had caused European airspace to come to a standstill. Never in my whole life have I been in such darkness. J Behav Med 10:481500, Wisner B, Blaikie P, Cannon T, Davis I (2004) At risk: natural hazards, peoples vulnerability, and disasters. It was an enormously costly "one-size-fits-all". People used to be everywhere and its still the same, but now there are 30 times, 100 times more [tourists]. . volcano, vent in the crust of Earth or another planet or satellite, from which issue eruptions of molten rock, hot rock fragments, and hot gases. The flank eruption was followed 12 days later (14 April) by a far more explosive 39-day long summit eruption resulting in medium-sized jkulhlaups (glacial outburst floods) to the north, small jkulhlaups and lahars to the south and considerable ash fall to the east and east-southeast of the volcano (orkelsson, 2012). This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Palgrave Communications That is of course how and why Iceland is settled, in general, after all, you just deal with the avalanches, you just deal with the everything, the cold winters, eruptions, because the good sides are so many, so you have to compromise (A-E). Correspondence to They called me and said a farmer reported a fire in the glacier, I didnt quite believe it Veurstofa [the Icelandic Meteorological Office] didnt see anything. People living within a 20 km zone . However, the changing economic, demographic and political landscape will test this phenomenon. This person believed that the evacuation was necessary and that people should evacuate. -Rescue coordinators- well equipped for event and knowledgable. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Iceland is home to multiple volcanoes and so is used to dealing with eruptions. I therefore did not evacuate, as I felt safer at home (V-E). J Volcanol Geoth Res 172:179188, Paveglio TB, Boyd AD, Carroll MS (2017) Re-conceptualizing community in risk research. Residents in Slheimar and lftaver stated they were not required to evacuate. CAS Once these observations were confirmed by police, and because the specific location of the eruption could not be verified an evacuation for jkulhlaup hazard is only necessary if the eruption occurs under a glacierofficials initiated the pre-defined evacuation plans in the early hours of 21 March 2010. You have to know what is around you. and JavaScript. Sometimes beginning with an . About them coming with the sirens [makes siren sounds] and taking me I dont mind the eruption but please dont send the police! The population is also aging but at the same time, the number of children and youths in the region has decreased while the number of young adults has increased. Sustained long-term efforts are needed to minimize the loss of lives from future eruptions. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. It May Be About to Erupt - Newstimepaper, This week 17,000 earthquakes struck southwestern Iceland. While the PADM identifies the way people typically make decisions, Lindell and Perry, (2012) recognise that various situational facilitators and impediments influence their response. This volcano eruption took place in Iceland. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). Multiple community meetings were also held with residents living in the expected hazard zone. This includes work in hotels, restaurants and gift shops. It was not only the darkness but also the noise of the eruption for the children and animals. 6.5 km (4 mi) Iceland: 6.6 Km ESE of Brarbunga. Setting In spring 2010, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajkull erupted. For example, there are distinct differences between decision-making and actions undertaken by men and women (Haynes et al., 2016, Haynes et al., 2010) and age plays a significant role, with younger males often taking greater risks than older age groups and women across all age groups (Haynes et al., 2016). (A-E). Overall, respondents ranked impacts on their home as the greatest followed by impacts to them and / or their family emotionally and financially (Table 2). That is, our study does not incorporate perspectives on long-term impacts and how they may influence peoples decision-making during a future event due to ongoing physical and mental health impacts. A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. This evacuation could be listed as disorganised (A-E). Respondents comments to corresponding open questions and during the interviews highlighted the importance of secondary sources of information as a means for residents to confirm the first source of news to evacuate. Long Term. Match. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. In addition to these systems, recent unrest in rfajkull has called for the development of further emergency response plans in South Iceland (Almannavarnadeild Rkislgreglustjrinn, 2017, Hskuldsson, 2015). This creates many jobs for people in the tourism industry. The twin craters Magni and Mi created in the Fimmvruhls 2010 eruption. Only two respondents noted living at that address for less than 5 years. Google Scholar, Crutchfield M (2013) Phases of disaster recovery: emergency response for the long term. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. 7 Iceland's Financial Crisis and Its Causes In October 2008, Iceland nationalized its three largest banks. Fast-moving lava can kill people and falling ash can make it hard for them to breathe. -Web cameras provided information and allowed the general population easy access to monitor the progress of the eruption. I would like to see more emphasis on this, like volcanic activity, geothermal, everything geography in Iceland because were having the tourists now [But] we have our children who are not finding out about those things. Significantly, this paper links together longitudinal research that spans more than a decade capturing an at-risk populations perspectives of: inherited knowledge, hazard assessments, risk mitigation strategies including a fullscale evacuation exercise; to their response during and perspectives of a volcanic crisis. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. As a result, 2016 recorded the highest number of people employed in tourism. [My family has lived in this region as] far back as I am able to remember (S). However, some people viewed their homes as the safest option. From crops to houses!! Publishers note: Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Aust J Emerg Manag 27:2733, Bird D, Mcleman R, Gsladttir G, Kelman I, Nss MW, Ptursdttir G, Jhannesdttir G (2016) Climate change and settlement level impacts. The first evacuation orders that residents in Vestur-Eyjafjll and Austur-Eyjafjll received came from DCPEM/police (38% A-E; 43% V-E), family, friends or neighbours (31% A-E; 14% V-E) and, the rescue teams (6% A-E; 14% V-E)Footnote 1. What were the responses to the 2002 eruption of Mount Nyiragongo? The reasons for not evacuating were due to caring for others or thinking the warnings were not applicable. Furthermore, residents were not kept at the evacuation centre any longer than needed. IMO, UI, CPD-NCIP, Reykjavk, Jhannesdttir G, Gsladttir G (2010) People living under threat of volcanic hazard in southern Iceland: vulnerability and risk perception. Our primary school here in the area, they dont do anything special about this area. Risk Anal 32:601615. 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